What are the functions of each component of the motor?

What are the functions of each component of the motor?

As the core equipment that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, the motor contains multiple key components in its internal structure, each with a clear functional division of labor. The following is a comprehensive analysis of the main components and their functions:

1、 Core components

stator

Function: As the stationary part of the motor, responsible for generating a rotating magnetic field. Composition: Includes stator core (made of stacked silicon steel sheets to reduce magnetic resistance) and winding (generating a magnetic field when AC power is applied). Function: It drives the rotor to rotate through the principle of electromagnetic induction and is the core of the operation of the electric motor.

rotor

Function: As the rotating part of the motor, it interacts with the stator magnetic field to achieve mechanical energy output. Composition: Includes rotor core (laminated with silicon steel sheets) and winding (armature winding for DC motors, squirrel cage or synchronous motor rotor for AC motors). Function: Cut magnetic field lines in the stator magnetic field, generate induced electromotive force and torque, and drive mechanical loads.

2、 Key support and conductive components

Iron core and yoke

Function: Construct a magnetic circuit, enhance magnetic field strength, and improve efficiency. Composition: The iron core is made of stacked silicon steel sheets, and the yoke connects the stator and rotor to reduce magnetic leakage. Function: Optimize magnetic field distribution and reduce energy loss.

bearing

Function: Support rotor rotation, reduce friction loss, and ensure stability. Type: Divided into rolling bearings (ball/roller) and sliding bearings (oil film/dry friction), the former has a longer lifespan. Function: Ensure reliable operation at high speeds.

End cap and shell

Function: Enclosed motor internal structure, dustproof, waterproof, and heat dissipation. Composition: The end cover fixes the stator and rotor, and the shell is made of silicon steel sheet or metal material. Function: Protect internal components and extend service life.

3、 Other important components

Winding and junction box

Function: Conduct current, form magnetic field or induce electromotive force. Composition: Stator winding (AC motor) and armature winding (DC motor), junction box connected to power input and output. Function: To achieve the conversion of electrical energy and mechanical energy.

Fan and cooling system

Function: To dissipate the heat from the motor and maintain normal operating temperature. Composition: Fan blades, ventilation ducts (AC motor) or dedicated heat dissipation devices (DC/high-voltage motor). Function: To prevent performance degradation or damage caused by overheating.

Commutator and brush (only for DC motors)

Function: Switch the direction of current to ensure continuous rotation of the rotor. Composition: The commutator consists of multiple brushes and collector rings, and the brush material needs to be conductive and wear-resistant. Function: To solve the problem of frequent changes in current direction in DC motors.

4、 Special components (such as generators)

Excitation system: Provides DC power to the rotor and regulates the output voltage to ensure stability. Rotating rectifier: Rectify alternating current into direct current and supply it to the rotor of the generator.

summarize

The various components of the motor work together, and the stator and rotor achieve energy conversion through magnetic field interaction. The supporting components ensure operational stability, and the conduction and heat dissipation systems maintain efficiency. Different types of motors (such as AC asynchronous and synchronous) have differences in structural details, but their core principles are the same.